Rapid and label-free classification of pathogens based on light scattering,reduced power spectral features and support vector machine

The rapid identification of pathogens is crucial in controlling the food quality and safety. The proposed system for the rapid and label-free identification of pathogens is based on the principle of laser scattering from the bacterial microbes. The clinical prototype consists of three parts: the laser beam, photodetectors, and the data acquisition system. The bacterial testing sample was mixed with 10 mL distilled water and placed inside the machine chamber. When the bacterial microbes pass by the laser beam, the scattering of light occurs due to variation in size, shape, and morphology. Due to this reason, different types of pathogens show their unique light scattering patterns. The photo-detectors were arranged at the surroundings of the sample at different angles to collect the scattered light. The photodetectors convert the scattered light intensity into a voltage waveform. The waveform features were acquired by using the power spectral characteristics, and the dimensionality of extracted features was reduced by applying minimal-redundancy-maximal-relevance criterion (mRMR). A support vector machine (SVM) classifier was developed by training the selected power spectral features for the classification of three different bacterial microbes. The resulting average identification accuracies of E. faecalis,E. coli and S. aureus were 99%, 87%, and 94%, respectively. The overall experimental results yield a higher accuracy of 93.6%, indicating that the proposed device has the potential for label-free identification of pathogens with simplicity, rapidity, and cost-effectiveness.     

利用高吸水树脂优化3个中学化学实验*

尝试利用高吸水树脂对“酸碱中和反应、碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠分别与稀盐酸反应、探究分子运动现象”这3个实验进行创新改进,充分利用了高吸水树脂特殊的结构作用,使3个实验的现象更加显著。改进实验操作简便,高效简洁,值得推广到一线化学课堂的演示实验或学生分组实验。     

基于宏微辨析核心素养分析高中《化学1(必修)》教材*

教材分析是连接教材和课程的桥梁,基于宏观辨识和微观探析核心素养,比较分析了2004年版和2019年版高中《化学1(必修)》教材的特点。通过运用“三序结合”原则,从静态视角对比教材栏目设置、内容组织形式、核心素养呈现方式、学生认知水平以及作业布置形式等5个维度要素在宏微辨析核心素养领域的建构。分析结果显示,2019年版《化学1(必修)》教材在以上要素方面均围绕宏微辨析核心素养,呈现不同水平阶梯型设置。建议在“宏微符”概念形成的过程中增设更为细致的过渡内容,以及更为详尽的与教材配套的辅助内容,便于教材的二次开发。     

ANiN(A = Li,Na, Mg,Ca)的结构、热力学、弹性和电子性质的第一性原理研究

三元过渡金属氮化物ANiN (A = Li, Na, Mg, Ca)是潜在的可充放电池的电极材料。物理性质,比如热稳定性、电子能隙以及弹性稳定性等,对于这些材料的电池应用都是非常重要的。本文使用第一原理方法,对比研究了ANiN这些材料的结构、动力学、弹性和电子结构性质。对状态方程和声子谱的计算被用来确定体系的稳定结构。对最稳定结构的弹性常数的计算表明,这些稳定结构都满足 Born-Huang的稳定性判据,意味着它们的弹性稳定性。对体系电子结构的计算表明,LiNiN和CaNiN是半金属（half-metals）,MgNiN是磁性材料,而NaNiN是通常的金属。这些材料的磁学性质都通过Stoner理论进行了解释。最后,电荷密度的计算被用来很好地说明了这些材料中的Ni-N成键的特征,表明成键特点主要是离子性的,但明显地混合了共价性。     

Ni(OH)2修饰的三聚氰胺泡沫用于可压缩超级电容器电极

通过化学镀和电化学镀的方法制备了一种Ni(OH)₂电化学活性材料修饰三聚氰胺泡沫(MF)可压缩骨架的超级电容器电极材料MF/Ni(OH)₂。MF/Ni(OH)₂可压缩电极材料表现出最佳的电容性能,例如循环稳定性(即使在40 mA/cm^-3的电流密度下经过2000次充放电循环后,可压缩电极仍能保持90.63%的初始电容)和可压缩稳定性(即使在压缩率为50%时,仍具有97.88%的电容保持率)。层状可压缩超级电容器由MF/Ni(OH)₂弹性材料作为阳极,镍/碳(Ni/C)为阴极以及实验室中常用的滤纸作隔膜材料组成。这种超级电容器装置在不同的压缩下表现出良好的电化学性能和优异的压缩稳定性。最后,使用可压缩的超级电容器来点亮LED灯,以展示其在柔性电子设备中的应用。这些优化的电化学和机械性能表明MF/Ni(OH)₂可作为可压缩超级电容器的应用中的候选电极。     

治疗非小细胞肺癌脑转新药:Zorifertinib

新药Zorifertinib是阿斯利康公司针对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)脑转研发的一种表皮生长因子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI),对EGFR 19外显子缺失和EGFR 21外显子L858R突变有高选择性和高抑制性,相较于其他EGFR-TKIs的突出优势是具有优秀的血脑屏障渗透性。临床研究表明Zorifertinib可以在脑内达到等同血浆的药物浓度,有效抑制脑内肿瘤生长,减少脑内肿瘤面积,并且预防脑内肿瘤形成。本文将对该新药的作用机制、研发历程、药代动力学、临床研究和安全性进行综述,为广大研究者以及今后的临床应用提供参考。     

油茶果壳活性炭的制备及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除

利用磷酸活化法制备油茶果壳活性炭,并将其作为吸附剂用于去除水溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ),同时探讨了不同参数(Cr(Ⅵ)的初始浓度、吸附剂的用量、pH、温度等)对油茶果壳活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。结果表明:当温度为293 K,Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为250 mg/L,pH为2.0时,Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量可达165.0 mg/L。根据吸附动力学原理,发现其吸附过程遵循拟二级动力学模型。Cr(Ⅵ)的去除程度随Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的升高而增加,且其平衡数据与Freundlich模型拟合良好。     

Accelerated FeIII/FeII redox cycle of Fenton reaction system using Pd/NH2-MIL-101(Cr) and hydrogen

In this paper, a novel improvement in the catalytic Fenton reaction system named MHACF-NH₂-MIL-101(Cr) was constructed based on H₂ and Pd/NH₂-MIL-101(Cr). The improved system would result in an accelerated reduction in Fe^III, and provide a continuous and fast degradation efficiency of the 10 mg L^-1 4-chlorophenol which was the model contaminant by using only trace level Fe^II. The activity of Pd/NH₂-MIL-101(Cr) decreased from 100% to about 35% gradually during the six consecutive reaction cycles of 18 h. That could be attributed to the irreversible structural damage of NH₂-MIL-101(Cr).     

In situ preparation of hetero-polymers/clay nanocomposites by CUAAC click chemistry

A series of polymer/clay nanocomposites containing mechanistically two different polymers, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(epsilon caprolactone) (PCL), were prepared by simultaneous copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition click reactions. Both clickable polymers, PEG-Alkyne and PCL-Alkyne, were simultaneously clicked on to azide-functional montmorillonite (MMT-N₃) nanoclay to get corresponding PEG-PCL/MMT nanocomposites. The chemical structures of the resulting nanocomposites were verified by following azide and silicone-oxygen bands using FT-IR and characteristic bands of PEG and PCL segments using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The combined XRD and TEM analysis confirmed that all PEG-PCL/MMT nanocomposites had partially exfoliated/intercalated morphologies. In addition, the increase of MMT-N₃ loading not only improved the onset and maximum degradation temperatures of the nanocomposites but also their char yields. Furthermore, the incorporation of MMT-N₃ in the polymer matrix did not significantly influence the crystallization behavior of both PEG and PCL segments.     

Differentiating bulk nanobubbles from nanodroplets and nanoparticles

History has shown that it is not as easy as one might think to differentiate between bulk nanobubbles and nanodroplets or nanoparticles. It is generally easy to detect colloids (i.e. something that looks different, e.g. scatters light differently than its surrounding solvent), but less easy to determine the nature of these colloids. This has led to misinterpretations in the literature, where nanodroplets or nanoparticles have mistakenly been assumed to be nanobubbles. In this paper, we review a multitude of experimental methods and approaches to prove the existence of bulk nanobubbles. We conclude that combinations of optical detection with physical perturbations such as pressure or ultrasound, or phase-sensitive holographic methods are the most promising and convenient approaches.